Teaching Effective Reading Instruction And Key Reading Skills

There are many benefits provided to students who are systemically and explicitly taught effective reading instruction and key reading skills, though children may not always have opportunities in order to benefit to the full extent. The main approach to teaching effective reading instruction can be broken down into two definitions; â€Å"Systematic instruction reflects several important characteristics. Skills and concepts are taught in a planned, logically progressive sequence† (A Closer Look at the Five Essential Components of Effective Reading Instruction, n.d.). Whereas explicitly taught instruction can be defined as †the teacher states clearly what is being taught and models effectively how it is used by a skilled reader† (A Closer Look at the Five Essential Components of Effective Reading Instruction, n.d.). Children who have been taught key reading skills and strategies show more capability in simple reading tasks than those who have not been taught. There ha s been much debate about effective reading instruction and how teachers should be teaching the key components. These key components include phonological and phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary, comprehension and fluency. Children who are systematically and explicitly taught effective reading instruction, key reading skills and are given opportunities to read interesting texts and apply what they have learnt become effective readers, writers and speakers in the future as well as enhance their literacy journey. WhenShow MoreRelatedThe Early Years Learning Framework For Australia1706 Words   |  7 Pagesdefinitions include reading, writing, speaking and listening, and sometimes viewing or visual literacy. The Early Years Learning Framework for Australia [EYLF] (DEEWR, 2009, p.38) defines literacy as â€Å"a students’ capacity to access, manage, interpret and reflect on written texts in order to achieve their goals, to develop their knowledge and potential, and to participate effectively in society†. But why is literacy so important? Research shows that people with good literacy skills are more likely toRead MoreExplicit Instruction Is Important For Teaching873 Words   |  4 PagesExplicit instruction is important in connecting to prior knowledge and skills when beginning a learning sequence (Australian Curriculum and Reporting Authority, 2016). It helps to lay the foundational areas of reading and literacy as a whole in the early years of schooling. Effective reading instru ction builds on what children already know, how students learn and on what degree of support they need to become successful in reading/learn and apply new information (Archer, 2011, p.18). Here the ideaRead MoreAnalyzing And Teaching Reading : Fluency And Comprehension902 Words   |  4 PagesCh. 8: Assessing and Teaching Reading: Fluency and Comprehension The Common Core State Standards place importance on the ability for students to understand and analyze key ideas in text. Students who have reading fluency are able to read text at a steady rate, summarize supporting details, and analyze different points of view. To assess a student’s fluency rate, teachers can measure WCPM, the words read correctly per minute in 2-3 grade-level passages. To assess reading comprehension, teachersRead MoreThe Effect Of Explicit And Systematic Approaches On Students Literacy Development1433 Words   |  6 Pagesconclusions that have come out of researching â€Å"Effective Reading Instruction† have shown significant benefits to students who are taught in an upfront, straight to the point manner. Within this essay it will be discussed the importance of an effective reading instruction along with its 5 elements. As well as the effects of explicit and systematic approaches on student’s literacy development. The benefits of allowing children to choose their own reading literature and the findings of the research completedRead MoreWhy Is Literacy Is A Secondary Goal?1388 Words   |  6 Pagesintegrated into the literacy equation for our students. Literacy encompasses three components for students; Reading Workshop, English Language Arts (ELA) and Writing. These subjects will be taught as a block, particularly in the early grades when students are progressing from learning to read, to reading to learn, so that students have more opportunities to link the concepts together. One of the key characteristics that sets high progress classrooms apart from typical classrooms is the teachers in theseRead MoreThe Language And Balanced Literacy1454 Words   |  6 Pagessubject of reading and the most effective method to teach reading is? Additionally, when we teach our children how to read, do they truly understand what they are reading and can they communicate to us what they have read? As educator we have to be instrumental in creating students to become independent effective readers who comprehend well. In order to do this, students have to be provided with basic reading and comprehension skills that continue into adulthood. Whether teaching with a basalRead MoreStudent Learning Process1498 Words   |  6 Pagesand adjust instruction according to what students are. Moreover, monitoring students’ progress can be accomplished by constant observations and anecdotal notes; where teachers write brief notes regarding students’ reading and writin g activities, questions that they might have asked, and skills they are able to fully apply to their reading and writing. Furthermore, conferring with students is also an effective way to get to know the students’ reading and writing level, setting reading and writingRead MoreEducational Reform1289 Words   |  6 Pagesexpanded options for parents, and teaching methods based on highly prescriptive reading curriculum programs and teaching methods that must be approved by the Federal government (Luke, Woods, 2008). Two key elements of NCLB were the focus on accountability through annual academic assessments, and support for using teaching methods and programs that were proven to work, or are scientifically researched (Owens, 2010). Previous research completed by The National Reading Panel (NRP) served as the foundationRead MoreA Balanced Literacy Program Is a Necessity for a Childs Education1264 Words   |  5 Pagesnecessary role, but can not stand alone when teaching children to read. These activities include: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, comprehension, and writing. (CITE INFORMATION) Effective teachers use balanced literacy instruction in their classroom, teachers see the results in their children’s ability to effectively read. In a study conducted by the National Reading Research Center supervisors were asked to select their highly effective teachers to be surveyed about their literacyRead MoreData Analysis Essay1330 Words   |  6 PagesAfter careful data analysis, the need for instructional improvement on strategies to address the needs of English language learners it is apparent. Improving literacy skills is critical in decreasing achievements gaps of this subgroup. As mentioned previously, Pinewood maintains a school grade of a B; nevertheless, a focus on strategies to meet the needs of ELL students will benefit all students. With effort from all stakeholders, a focus on instructional strategies to improve learning of English

The Booming Birthing Business Essay - 1451 Words

The Booming Birthing Business When women hear the phrase â€Å"home birth,† there is usually a negative connotation that comes with it. Modern medicine has made sure that women go to the hospital to deliver since it’s inception. What’s the lesser known fact about giving birth at home is that having a home delivery ,for a mom having a normal and healthy pregnancy, is much more safe for both mother and child. More women should have home births over hospital births because giving birth at the hospital causes an interruption in the mother/baby bonding process, the cost of hospital births is ridiculously high, and most intervention at the hospital is not only unnecessary, but potentially dangerous. According to the 2008 Documentary, The Business of Being Born, when a woman gives birth naturally and drug free, she experiences the highest rush of oxytocin in her life. Typically after a mother gives birth in a hospital, her baby is immediately taken and rushed to be cleaned off. The mother rarely gets skin to skin contact right after the child is born. Skin to skin contact immediately after birth is a necessity in mother/baby bonding. Studies show that when the intense flow of the â€Å"love† hormone is disrupted, the mother is more likely to not care for the baby. It’s simple. (The Business of). According to an abstract put out by numerous professors of the Psychology Department at St. Francis Xavier University, â€Å"SSC {skin to skin contact] benefits mothers by reducing their depressiveShow MoreRelatedThe 14th Amendment : Birth Tourism1399 Words   |  6 Pagesquite a while in Major US cities and has emerged widespread in Southern California, and Los Angeles a rea as an epicenter activity. Extensively to Bay Area’s particularly in the South Bay, the business of birth tourism is booming at an alarming rate. Such areas in the United States of America have acted as a birthing hotel where women who are expectant mostly from China come to U.S. to obtain that instant citizenship through their born babies (will 1). Through what can be termed as coordinated touristRead MoreWomen as Commodity8915 Words   |  36 Pagesconceptions of ‘motherhood’, the legal (commissioning mother) and the biological (surrogate mother). Surrogacy breaks down and devolves the role of mother, separating the social and nurturing part of motherhood from the genetic contribution and the birthing process. Commercialization and Exploitation While surrogacy in general raises a host of social and ethical problems, I believe that commercial surrogacy in particular can crystallize the difficulties that many people have with surrogacy, andRead MoreWomen as Commodity8899 Words   |  36 Pagesconceptions of ‘motherhood’, the legal (commissioning mother) and the biological (surrogate mother). Surrogacy breaks down and devolves the role of mother, separating the social and nurturing part of motherhood from the genetic contribution and the birthing process. Commercialization and Exploitation While surrogacy in general raises a host of social and ethical problems, I believe that commercial surrogacy in particular can crystallize the difficulties that many people have with surrogacyRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagestwenty-four hours and â€Å"not more than one consecutive WORLD MIGRATION IN THE LONG TWENTIETH CENTURY †¢ 11 year for leisure, business or other purposes,† as tourists are described by the World Tourism Organization.5 Much of this mobility is a continuation and expansion of practices that have been going on for centuries: travel for trade and business, the colonization of agricultural lands, the movement of soldiers and sailors, and the constant ebb and flow of forced and free labor

Early Childhood Education and Children Free Essays

Mothers Stay at Home Are there any benefits for children stay one of parent with them at home? Mothers who stay at home are helpful for their family. Many mothers prefer to give their children to their mothers, but if there is not grandmother to care child, that will be problem especially if the child is still baby or infant. Mothers are compelled to find a place to put their child there. We will write a custom essay sample on Early Childhood Education and Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many kinds of places that may mothers join their child to stay there and to have education, such as to educational settings which consist of early child education, pre-school, nursery school, and pre-kindergarten. Also, there are many places to get care and education for children nanny, governess, babysitting, au pair, and extended family, for example. In fact, mother’s decision; that choosing stay with her children at home or going to work and joining her children in convenient place, is important critical for her. A mother who stays at house are more probable to have time to be involved with their children. Those mothers who stay home is able to become more completely involved their children activities. For example, mother will give carful and interest for her children. Moreover, many people mention to needs childhood such as feeding, sustenance, and nurturing. Most women have been housewife to be breadwinners, and to be caretakers. â€Å"Child care can cost up to $15,000 for one year in the United States. Approximately six out of every ten children, or almost 12 million children, age five and younger, are being jointly cared for by parents and early childhood educators, relatives, or other child-care providers† (Lynn, 2002). Indeed, many societies have been assumed that women will stay home and take care of their children while their spouses go out and work. In addition, woman pregnancy suffers to go out and doing hard work many hours without rest times, but when she stay home will get time to have rest and lying. Many mothers work to be ready for unexpected situations like a husband’s unemployment, husband’s death, a divorce, or sickness. In fact, nobody wants to be working more than eight hours a day and missing his or her family life. In encouragement of mothers who want to work, Dr. Phil says that many mothers optimism to be a parent and pursue an occupation and they often become miserable when they are stuck just in a parenting capacity. â€Å"If the child is mothered by a parent who is feeling frustrated and depressed and empty, that is not a good thing,† he says. Even though some parents are now separated, father continues in the role of primary caregiver to his children, while mother continue to support her family. A man is not hard to give up the traditional role as breadwinner. However, A woman can be more responsibility to earn money and take care for her family. A lot of women have been socialized to be service workers for their societies, not solely to be housewife. Some time a man feels difficult to abdicate some things like giving up self-worth, feelings of masculinity and personal power. It can be tough on men, especially in the beginning. In conclusion, it’s these deeper issues. Making the decision to stay home with your children or join the workforce can be a difficult process. It appears approximating employed moms just can’t success. Every woman has dream to be effective in her society and earn money, but she will face challenges with her care children. Sources 1. Dr. Phil: http://drphil. com/articles/article/284 2. Olson, Lynn (2002). [According to the 2002 Quality Counts survey conducted by Education Week, approximately six out of every ten children, or almost 12 million children, age five and younger, are being jointly cared for by parents and early childhood educators, relatives, or other child-care providers. â€Å"Starting Early†]. Education Week 21 (17): 10–11. Retrieved 24 November 2012. How to cite Early Childhood Education and Children, Essay examples

Project Management Interpretation - Comparison and Contrast

Question: Describe about the Project Management for Interpretation, Comparison and Contrast. Answer: Introduction This report introduces the interpretation, comparison and contrast of the roles of a project manager. The roles are of a leader, manager, facilitator and mentor respectively. The report also gives the exploration of the research that includes the facets of project vs functional management. The aim of the paper is to provide a detailed view of the various perspectives of the project manager. Discussion Interpretation of the roles of a project manager The project manager while managing a team has to act in several roles for effective handling of his team. Such an efficient management actually makes the team to work as per their set objectives and perform as per compliance. Leader One of such important role of a project manager is the leader. The efficiency of the manager handling a project majorly depends on how he leads his subordinates. Therefore to be a successful and effective project manager, a person should possess good level of leadership skills (Hodgson Paton, 2016). Such skills will make him to provide guidance to his fellow companions for what to do. The team actually requires directions regarding the project life and the project manager has the responsibility to lead the team for achieving the vision regarding the creation of the project. The project manager makes the coordination, facilitation and motivation of the team for achieving the goals (Bredillet, Tywoniak Dwivedula, 2015). Actually the ability of him for influencing, inspiring, directing and communication will make a determination of his effectiveness as the manager of project. Here the central role is leading that involves work for achieving the project objectives. Manager As a project manager, a person has to manage everything starting from top to bottom of a project. He has to make an efficient utilization of the available resources. He has to make plans regarding cost, time, manpower and money keeping in mind to reach a successful completion of the project. The project manager should have a rigorous knowledge regarding the skills for execution of the activities (Kerzner, 2013). Until and unless these core competences are not present in a project manager, he will not be able to understand the work to be done or the level of skills required to make the project successful. Therefore, the manager should have a proper understanding about the technical aspects of the project. The project manager should have a good grasp on the functional activities of the various departments such as accounting, HR, systems, marketing, operations, administration so that he can proceed with the project through a proper integration. Facilitator In case of a facilitator the project manager has the activity to enable the project team to work in an effective manner. The project manager actually provides the support for the collaboration and achievement of synergy (Walker, 2015). He has not the responsibility for doing all the tasks of the project. It is the responsibility of the team of the project. The role of the project manager has to make creation of the right conditions, which enables the team of the project for carrying the duties. The project manager also makes the contributions through provision of the framework for facilitating the interactions. Such interactions take place through the different groups. Such facilitation is done for making an effective functioning. The objective of the facilitator is giving support for the team along with their beneficiaries to achieve the performance in an exceptional level (Eweje, Turner Muller, 2012). The role of the facilitator is normally utilized to deal the beneficiaries where the manager of the project does not have the authority over the team. The manager should provide the environment for trust where the beneficiaries have the feeling for the contribution of ideas. Mentor Mentor is basically an adviser who is trusted and experienced. The mentor normally provides advice or trains someone who is normally a younger colleague. The mentor is normally the person who provides guidance to the less experienced person through building the trust and modeling the behaviors that are positive. The effective mentor has the understanding about his role for being dependable and authenticated (Schwalbe, 2015). The project managers act as a mentor of a team to develop the team member skills with the help of his knowledge. He provides the necessary support to those members so that they can rectify their weaknesses and proceed with a full fledge (Raelin, 2012). From the starting to the end of a project, the project managers actually try to flourish the potentials of the team members so that the execution done by them meets the targets of the project at the fullest extent. Comparison and contrast of the roles of a project manager There are several roles of a project manager, which makes the encompassment of the various activities. Such roles are been elaborated below: Making plans and definitions of the scope. Planning the activity and making the sequence. Planning the resources (Fung, 2014). Development of the schedules. Estimation of the time. Estimation of the cost. Development of the budget (Verzuh, 2015). Creation of the charts along with project schedules. Making a proper documentation. Analyzing and managing the risks and issues. Monitoring and reporting the progress (Mir Pinnington, 2014). Leadership of the team. Making a proper influence through strategy. Making partner of the business. Making deals with the vendors. Analyzing the interoperability, portability and scalability. Making a control of the quality. Realizing the benefits (Verzuh, 2015). All these roles and responsibilities are there for a project manager to serve where he have to act as the leader, manager, facilitator and mentor in the various dimensions as per need. As a leader, the project manager leads his team so that his team members can follow his footsteps in a proper sequence. They should carry out his orders for the various transactions that are needed for the creation of proper financial strength (Fung, 2014). On the other hand, as a manager, he has to plan all the activities along with the allocation of the available resources including defining the scopes along with time and cost estimation. All the necessary analysis along with risk management are been done through the help of managerial skills (Raelin, 2012). Therefore it has been seen that, leadership requires assertion to motivate the team members whereas managerial skills lead to proper planning, reduction of cost and maximization of the profit. As a facilitator, the project manager gives all the support considered to be essential for a project (Schwalbe, 2015). Here the project managers role is secondary as his activity is from the indirect way whereas in contrast the role of a manager or a leader is very much direct in case of the operations done by their subordinates. On the other hand, the project manager when acts as a mentor for his subordinates, he has an aim to develop the skill set of the members so that they can make effective collaboration with the vendor team in terms of communication and a good interaction with the client side. It is done to know the exact requirement of the client (Walker, 2015). Here the project manager acts as a teacher for doing the necessary rectification of the mistakes. Facets of project vs functional management It can be stated here that the project management and the functional management are two different aspects. The project managers actually make focus on the entire project whereas the functional managers make a specialization in a specific unit of a project (Kerzner, 2013). In project management, it is to check all the functionalities of the project along with business operations in daily basis through communication to all departments wherein functional management, a few functionalities are been scrutinized for the necessary refinement. The functional managers are normally common in big houses with the dynamic parts where the various functions are been led by them such as finance, marketing (Bredillet, Tywoniak Dwivedula, 2015). The project management has a greater versatility and the managers are common in smaller business houses where they can get involved in the business every facet. Conclusion Overall, it has been discussed throughout the topic that to make a project successful, a project manager has to play versatile roles. Therefore, a project manager should have the capability so that he can play all the roles in the most efficient way to guide the project towards a successful end. To make such a successful end, the project managers as well as the functional managers have to excel in their responsibilities with utmost superiority. Such a combination will definitely form a team, which will lead the organization to see a glorious future. References Hodgson, D. E., Paton, S. (2016). Understanding the professional project manager: cosmopolitans, locals and identity work.International Journal of Project Management,34(2), 352-364. Bredillet, C., Tywoniak, S., Dwivedula, R. (2015). What is a good project manager? An Aristotelian perspective.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), 254-266. Kerzner, H. R. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Walker, A. (2015).Project management in construction. John Wiley Sons. Eweje, J., Turner, R., Mller, R. (2012). Maximizing strategic value from megaprojects: The influence of information-feed on decision-making by the project manager.International Journal of Project Management,30(6), 639-651. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Raelin, J. A. (2012). The manager as facilitator of dialogue.Organization, 1350508412455085. Fung, H. P. (2014). Relationships between leadership roles and project team effectiveness as perceived by project managers in Malaysia.Journal of Empirical Studies,1(1), 1-22. Verzuh, E. (2015).The fast forward MBA in project management. John Wiley Sons. Mir, F. A., Pinnington, A. H. (2014). Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success.International Journal of Project Management,32(2), 202-217.

State Repression 19 Century Essay Sample free essay sample

Did the province capacity for repression grow as regulation became more consensual in the period 1815-1914? It is possible to specify political repression in wide footings. Robert Justin Goldstein refers to the denial of all kinds of autonomies. for illustration. the remotion of freedom of address. imperativeness and assembly. every bit good the right to vote. Repression has normally been carried out against a group that has opposing. negative or unsafe positions in the eyes of those in power. It is of import to observe that this repression could take both violent and non-violent signifiers. an illustration of the latter being the limitation of right to vote on the footing of category or wealth. Pierre-Jules Baroche. a outstanding Gallic curate. demonstrated this in the center of the 19th century. when he stated that â€Å"universal right to vote. left without counsel to postulate with local passions. might go a existent danger† . Therefore. repression did non ever affect dramatic or bloody usage of physical force. As a subject. province repression and its relationship with the rise of general consensual regulation spans many wider issues of the period. These subjects include the interplay of rival political political orientations. industrialization. the rise of mass political relations. societal alteration and reform. category struggle and revolution. There is possibly a differentiation to be cognizant of between ‘the state’ and its place in the wider ‘government’ of states. It is helpful to use Weber’s definition of the term. which perceives a centralized administration. with a legitimate â€Å"monopoly of violence† . As more authoritiess derived their power from the people. this possible for repression can paradoxically be seen to hold increased. But in actuality. it appears to hold been small used and overshadowed by the greater freedoms that were gained in the period. It is possible to split the period up chronologically. to pull out the rate and extent of alterations over clip. The old ages 1815 to 1850 went mostly in favor of the position quo. with repression being used in a more or less traditional manner. to guarantee political relations remained the preserve of a certain elite. From 1850 to 1870. this was get downing to alter. with the upper center classes more involved in authorities and repression focal point on the lower echelons of society. In the concluding old ages from 1870 to 1914. the rise of mass political relations. parties and the ability of the lower categories to convey about alteration. suggests that repression had become much more limited. In the first case. this brief chronology reinforces the fact that repression interacted with the nature of authorities and other political forces. for illustration mass political motions. It remains questionable whether repression. or more exactly the battle against it. actively influenced t he gradual addition in the size of the politically active population. or whether other factors were more of import and the diminution of repression was more of a symptom that engine of alteration. Indeed. the cardinal turning points of the period coincided with the revolutions of 1848 and the 1870-71 Franco-Prussian war. Such events were clearly influential on the development of authorities and the usage of repression. For much of the period though. it was the instance that repression was strong. bit by bit worsening over clip whilst consensual authorities built. but merely in the latter stage from 1870. Nevertheless. already the boundary between possible and existent repression has been breached. Whilst there was a diminution in existent repression. the capacity of the province to repress was lifting continually. The first stage from 1815 to 1850 began with a Restoration of the position quo after the turbulence of the eighteenth Century. with plentifulness of illustrations of repression. It ended with the success of repression being much more questionable. and edifice demands and hopes for reform. Successful repression can be seen from 1819 to 1921. when assorted tensenesss t hroughout Europe boiled over into unfastened rebellion. In France. the cause was the wake of the Revolution. and efforts by monarchists to confirm laterality. In Britain. industrialization and urbanization doing economic jobs. at their worst in Ireland. underpinned wider protests at the elitist nature of authorities. Italy and Germany were covering with turning patriotism. which was opposed to the colony of Vienna and the subsequent securing of the map of Europe as it stood. with disconnected provinces in cardinal Europe. Meanwhile. chauvinistic inclinations in the Balkans and Greece were fuelled by the diminution of the administrative power of the Ottoman Empire. Whatever the cause. repression was widely the reply at this clip. In France. following the blackwash of the Duke of Berry and subsequent choler led to press censoring and imprisonment without test. every bit good as a clampdown restricting the electorate size. In Britain. agitation was dealt with by limitation of habeas principal and the forbiddance of all unregistered public meetings in 1817-1818. In 1819. one Henry Hunt was turn toing a protest of some 50. 000 people in St Pete r’s Fieldss in London. when mounted military personnels were sent in. killing 15 and wounding several hundred. The satirically named ‘Battle of Peterloo’ preceded further inhibitory Torahs by the authorities. Ireland saw the reaffirmation of the Insurrection Act. giving 1000s of prosecutions and some 400 executings between 1820 and 1826. In German provinces. unrest took on a much more constitutional component. Already. demands for fundamental laws brought some consequences. with 13 out of 30 nine provinces yielding. Nevertheless. in malice of this early growing of consensual authorities. Metternich was able to turn the hanging of Karl Sand in 1820 to the advantage of a more conservative cause. presenting some comprehensive limitations on printed plants. In Italy. there were onslaughts on suspected revolutionists. such as in Naples. where suspected work forces were publicly whipped. Russia and the East more loosely saw similar Acts of the Apostless of repression. for illustration during the ‘arakchevyevshina’ from 1815-1825. which crushed public violences and purged academic plants and establishments of those advancing alteration to the position quo. The 1830 to 1832 moving ridge of revolutions were similarly repressively shut down. despite holding more widespread backup and touchable demands. such as enl argement of the franchise. For illustration. France saw 300 people changeable during the April 1834 rebellion of silk weavers in Lyon and a 1000 people were imprisoned from 1830-40 for striking. In 1832. Germany saw censoring of several societies that denounced the authorities and many apprehensions and deceases in the Wachenstrum rebellion in 1833 Frankfurt. Italy saw repression in Piedmont and Genoa. every bit good as Tuscany. Naples and Lombardy-Venetia. after Mazzini’s efforts at revolution in 1833. There was terrible Russification in the Russian Empire around the same clip. taking to 9000 Poles flying in 1830. The narrative was the same in Austria and in Britain. where the â€Å"Tithe War† and â€Å"Captain Swing Riots† saw many apprehensions. executings and transit sentences. Habsburg Emperor Francis said. in 1831 â€Å"I wont have any innovations†¦This is no clip for reforms. The people. as it were. are severely wounded. One must avoid annoying these lesions by touching them† . His conservativism was slightly blemished. For many of the events of unrest were response to repression itself. The Polish rebellion in 1830 was triggered by st udies of at hand apprehensions. German dissenters demanded constitutional authorities and broad political relations in 1830 and the silk weavers from Lyon vowed to â€Å"live free working or die fighting† . It was the sensed failure of the Reform Bill in Britain to existent alter the political apparatus. which helped animate mass political relations In this visible radiation. it would look that repression itself fuelled a desire for consensual regulation. and it was non the instance that as the latter grew. so did the former. In the early portion of the 1840s. and from so on. there was a farther rise in liberalism and patriotism. engendering dissent. This was caused by industrialization intensifying. doing societal and economic jobs. It was besides influenced by the decease of several sovereigns in Denmark. Sweden and Prussia. and the stepping down of William I of the Netherlands. With each new government came hopes and demands for reform. There had really been a little weakening of repression. such that works like ‘Comment Upon the Constitution’ by Jan Rudolf Thorbecke. could crawl in demands for constitutional reform in 1842. This was another clip of political demands so. as demands for right to vote rose with nationalist inclinations. liberalism and other responses to the sole and inhibitory nature of regulation. After 1845. when economic failure hit in a more noteworthy manner. these tensenesss were brought to interrupting point. A doubling of the monetary value of murphy and grain from 1845 to 1847 hit difficult. particularly in Ireland. where one million people died and another million emigrated to get away the gruelling poorness. 1948 saw the publication of Karl Marx’s ‘Communist Manifesto’ . which coincided with a noteworthy rise in mass political relations and working category engagement. By the clip of the 1848 revolutions. economic failures had contributed to the wide base entreaty of political action. Repression had contributed to set uping political reform as the cardinal demands. This was evidenced by the fact that France saw the stepping down of Louis Philippe. and the immediate enlargement of the franchise to all work forces. a liberating up of the multitudes and renewed freedom of assembly. Emperor Ferdinand revealed the place of European conservative sovereigns. when he said. â€Å"Tell the people that I agree to everything† in the heat of revolution in March 1848. Barbarous military force finally crushed all of the revolutions in 1849. which was followed by a period of intense repression – with 1000s arrested. executed. conscripted. whipped or forced into self-exile to get away requital. But despite all of this. the edifice forces of political orientation and mass political relations. repression had proved. albeit briefly. insufficient to conti nue the position quo. Conservative authoritiess were forced to put the precedency of grants to keep a diluted signifier of control alternatively. From this. it already becomes clear that there was a cyclical tendency of revolution and repression. with changeless interaction of those revolting and those quashing. making a form extremums and troughs of resistance and control. The period of 1850 to 1870 proverb both a extremum and trough. Coming out of the events of 1848-1849. repression was at its highest. and the appetency for revolution was minor. A three-class vote system was introduced in Prussia. leting the societal elite to rule. Any pockets of violent resistance were crushed. for illustration there were 25 executings following a confederacy to revolt in Hungary in 1852. An ground forces from Austria subdued Parma after Duke Charles III was assassinated in 1854. Fundamental laws and establishments introduced to most German States in 1848 were dissolved. Almost no existent constitutional development took topographic point in Russia. and Germany under Bismarck was hardly reformed. In Britain. for most of the 1850s it was considered that no societal or political reform was required. even though merely 4 % of the population had the ballot. Assorted factors ensured that this state of affairs changed. The most of import 1s were economic success. the outgr owth of stronger Socialistic parties. a diminution in post-revolutionary repression and the political reverberations of foreign personal businesss. such as Gallic and British triumph in the Crimean war. seen as a victory of liberalism. and Austria’s licking in 1859. There was a distinguishable. though non overpowering. reform of the political state of affairs. easing greater engagement. or at least representation for the lower categories. A mix of reform and reestablishment of the position quo took topographic point so. changing with state. In France. the right to strike was awarded in 1864 and holding failed in foreign personal businesss. in Mexico in 1867. resistance was countered through farther grants. for illustration by allowing freer imperativeness. assembly. trade brotherhoods and in 1870 the puting up of a manner of curates being answerable to Parliament. Belgium besides legalised trade Unions. but kept the franchise restricted as in the Netherlands. Right to vote in Britain was expanded from 1. 4 million to 2. 5 million in the 1867 reform measure. but military repression took topographic point against Irish revolutionists of the Fenian motion. One manner of understanding the strands of reform that appeared within general conservative s ystems would be to see grants as necessary to the saving of control – giving a small spot to avoid holding everything taken by revolutionists. The abolishment of Serfdom in Hungary ( 1848 ) and Russia ( 1861 ) surely responded to a general fright of revolution. As Tsar Alexander II put it to the Muscovite aristocracy in 1856. â€Å"It is better to get rid of serfhood from above than to expect the clip when its abolishment would get down from below. † This would back up the position of a cyclical procedure. easy building grants. as each turn of resistance attempted to avoid the following turn of repression and frailty versa. A 2nd reading might do usage of something Bismarck revealed to a Hanoverian diplomat in 1865. when he said: â€Å"I do non want†¦lawyers to be elected. but local peasants†¦I do non wish to supply support for democracy†¦ [ but ] If I†¦could send here in Prussia 100 workers from my estate to the concert dance box. so they would outvote every other sentiment in the village†¦that is what I hope to achieve†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This demonstrates how politicians may hold sought to pull strings reform to procure political benefit. but besides exposes early reforms as possible ruddy herrings. For if grants won over certain groups of the lower categories. they might be inclined to back up the position quo and ballot against the alteration espoused by smaller groups. These alternate positions highlight how a rise of consensual might be viewed as either portion of a gradual riddance of repression. or built-in to its saving. In truth. both things were likely go oning at the same clip. But from 1850 to 1870. it is of import to retrieve that saving of the conservative position quo was really much the norm. Despite specific national illustrations. political reform was a little portion of. or a side show to that. It was non an option. yet. to repression. In decision. repression was clearly in diminution over the period and in relation to consensual authorities. Yet. it is possible that consensual authorities partly emerged out of an a series intense periods of repression poetries resistance. giving via medias on the issue of political reform over the period. Surely. structural authorities alterations and the usage of repression interacted in a manner that changed both phenomena. States across Europe developed the ability to exercise alteration from above and step in in mundane lives like neer earlier. This was the agencies of repression. but as described above. was finally the agencies of reform. Political orientations and industrialization were possibly important to explicating this. but it was non the instance everyplace. Regional differences had ever been of import. As a concluding note. it might be deserving peeking exterior of the period. towards the hereafter of 20th century dictatorship. As Lenin. Stalin. Mussolini and Hitler would demo – although in pattern. repression had been in diminution. the existent capacity for province repression had non been deleted and had serious potency in the modern. industrial universe.

Essay on Exposure of the issue about privacy and surveillance on the social network the research of social networks effects on adolescents aged 13-19 years old by Leona LiEssay Writing Service

Essay on Exposure of the issue about privacy and surveillance on the social network the research of social networks effects on adolescents aged 13-19 years old by Leona LiEssay Writing Service Essay on Exposure of the issue about privacy and surveillance on the social network: the research of social networks effects on adolescents aged 13-19 years old by Leona Li Essay on Exposure of the issue about privacy and surveillance on the social network: the research of social networks effects on adolescents aged 13-19 years old by Leona LiSocial media can be used as an effective tool for socialization. Many people prefer to utilize new forms of social media in order to be connected with the society they live in. It is necessary to realize the significance of the relationship between social networks and the society. Special attention should be paid to the way the mediated technologies influence adolescents because their perception of the society can be viewed as initial perception, which requires further development.   As a result, adolescents can be manipulated easily by the social media.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to recent studies, adolescents can be both positively and negatively influenced by the content of the social media, e.g. social networking sites. For example, much information found on the social network carr ies violence because of violent indicators.   In general, adolescents may ignore the information, which plays an important role in providing the control over privacy issues of adolescents. In addition, many adolescents cannot identify the key aspects of the content provided to them. Therefore, I will place emphasis on the exposure to the issue about privacy and surveillance on the social network in my research. I will be focused on adolescents aged 13-19 years old, exploring both negative and positive influences of the social media content based on the issues of privacy and surveillance.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Researchers pay due attention to the privacy issues in their studies, especially if these issues are connected with the social media content. For example, â€Å"the danger of cyberstaking and communicating with strangers online† (Barnes, 2006) may have negative impact on adolescents. Nevertheless, the area of research study should be limited. In o rder to have a better understanding of the above mentioned   privacy issues, it is necessary refer to Danah Boyd’s study regarding the role of adolescents involved in the social media playing field (2007) and the study conducted by Albrechtslund (2008) regarding the role of participatory surveillance from the social networks.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Based on my primary readings and research-based practices, my hypothesis will be the more information is provided to adolescents regarding privacy and surveillance issues on the social networks, the less harm will be made by the existing negative social media content. The most suitable research method for providing a comprehensive research on the required topic will be the quantitative research method. This research method will help to conduct an experiment through quantitative interviews of random adolescents aged13-19 years old as the sample of the experiment. The research question will be: what is the impa ct of the social media networks on adolescents’ awareness of the relationship between the society and themselves based on the issues of Privacy and Surveillance?Literature Review  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The issue of Privacy and Surveillance in the social media has been widely discussed in scientific literature, especially in the field of media studies. Researchers take into consideration the role of the relationship with adolescents, highlighting the negative effects of the social media. Nevertheless, there is much evidence that both sides of the issue of Privacy and Surveillance influence the awareness of adolescents regarding the relationship between mediated technologies and the society. It has been found that the social media and adolescents are closely connected in the way they interact; therefore, it is not easy to define either the social networks or adolescents can dominate in this interaction.   Adolescents may experience surveillance on the soc ial media both in a positive and negative way. Thus, adolescents should be focused on the understanding of their role in the social networks.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Susan B. Barnes states in her essay â€Å"A Privacy Paradox: Social networking in the United States† that the phenomenon of privacy issues of adolescents should be explored better, for example the uploading of their private information in social networking, because the consequences may be negative. She conducted a classroom survey, which involved the opinions of adolescents regarding the social media. The findings of her research pointy out to the fact that the social networks may become â€Å"a form of entertainment† for many adolescents. Moreover, some of adolescents may even â€Å"ignore the difference between life online and off–line†(Barnes, 2006). Barnes shows the relationship between the social media and adolescents in a way that is based on the negative aspects of the effects of the social media on adolescents, placing emphasis on the privacy issues.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Having analyzed a wide range of articles, I may conclude that it is difficult to give a clear definition to the issues of privacy and surveillance on the social media. According to Mark Andrew’s study, â€Å"The work of being watched: Interactive Media and the Exploration of Self-Disclosure†(2002) and Danah Boyd’s study, â€Å"Social networks Sites: Public, Pirate or What?† the issues of privacy and surveillance can be defined from the perspective of time and space. According to Danah Boyd, the sample of her study involves adolescents and the way they are â€Å"socialized into a society complicated by shifts in the public and private† (Boyd, 2007). However, Andrew points out to the fact that the surveillance issues regarding the social media use cannot be considered as the â€Å"disappearance of privacy for per userâ €  because these issues can be assessed as the â€Å"shift in control over personal information from individuals to Private Corporation† (Andrew, 2002). According to Barnes (2006), â€Å"surveillance systems can exert the same type of control in contemporary culture†(p. 6) Andrew is focused on his study on both the positive and negative aspects of the social media influence and the role of surveillance, defining it from general perspective.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to recent study conducted by Anders Albrechtslund (2008), the privacy issues in the social media may have different consequences in relation to adolescents, while the surveillance issues on the social media are â€Å"something potentially empowering, subjectivity building and even playful† (p. 19). Thus, Albrechtslund states that surveillance can be perceived as an online content that requires the separation into several parts, depending on the context. For example, one of them is â€Å"the hierarchical, vertical concept of surveillance† (Albrechtslund, 2008).   Fundamentally, this concept shows the positive impact of surveillance.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My research will be based on the continuation of the studies mentioned above. I will study the exposure of the issues of privacy and surveillance on the social network based on the effects on adolescents aged 13-19 years old. The sample in my experiment will be a special group of adolescents aged 13-19 because this age period plays an important role in   the education transformation from high school level to college or university levels. Based on my literature review, I realize that it is crucial for me to explore the definitions of the terms like â€Å"surveillance† and â€Å"privacy issues† more profoundly.

Transforming Pedagogy to Transform Learning Research Paper - 1

Transforming Pedagogy to Transform Learning - Research Paper Example With this concern, the research paper intends to discuss on the instructional strategies which are acquired to impart knowledge effectively to a diverse culture of learners. In this regard, the concepts of ‘Standards of learning’ (SOLs) and ‘Common Core Standards’ (CCS) will be taken into concern. Moreover, research-based multicultural instructional strategies will be emphasized in this research paper. Additionally, CDLF questionnaire will be formulated with the intention of determining the effectiveness of multicultural instruction or cultural awareness of the instructors. Besides, an annotated bibliography will also be performed in this particular research paper within the circumstance of multicultural instructional practices. It has been apparently observed that different higher education institutions adopt along with execute certain effective policies, frameworks and principles on the basis of which the teaching and learning process is executed. Moreover , the higher education institutions formulate effectual curriculum and practices based on the requirements of the students or learners in this 21st century. The teachers are perceived to be adopting various techniques of classroom management as well as instructional strategies with the objective of improving the cultural beliefs and values of students within the context of a diverse cultural classroom. The students develop their capabilities to select and use suitable strategies so that they can achieve their requirements.  

Creating an Inclusive, Student Centred Learning Environment Essay

Creating an Inclusive, Student Centred Learning Environment - Essay Example As the paper highlights the teacher must establish a working relationship with parents, in order to better and more holistically approach the lesson in a manner most effective for the learner. For the kindergarten music class, the teacher could inform parents of the songs they had learned so that the parents could practice them at home with their children. According to the report findings the general education teacher in an inclusive environment will need to collaborate with the various professionals who perfrom specialized functions in the special education field. Most important among these is the special education teacher, who shall be responsible for coordinating student services and an Individualized Education Program or IEP, which shall be designed for each special-needs child. Frequent collaboration between the general education and SPED teachers should immediately address SPED learners’ needs by adjusting lesson content and strategy. Other professionals involved in the collaboration process conducted by the general education teacher are the school psychologist, counselors, social workers, speech and language as well as physical and occupational therapists, nurses, paraprofessionals, and school administrators. Speech and language therapists could help maximize the music therapy aspect of this music class for autistic learn ers. In classroom preparation, the first consideration should always be the choice of furniture and their best arrangement to accommodate the unique needs of its occupants.

342 paper 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

342 paper 1 - Essay Example At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because we the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forebears, and true to our founding documents. So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans. That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age.’ The given exigencies captured in the speech accurately give an impression of a refined invention of President Obamas speech thereby making it effective .The first exigency expressed by President Obama talks about war which has caused the country both hatred and violence. (Poggi pg23)War is a menace that the country has faced with other countries such as Iraq and Afghanistan. (Mingolelli pg45) The president acknowledges the fact that war in America with other countries must come to a halt. The audience feels represented. The second exigency talks about a weakened economy that has resulted because of war. The president recognizes that economic growth plays a pivotal role in the development of a country. The American people agree with the presidency that economic growth would empower living standards in the country. (Nuhringpg67) This aspect arouses the audience. The third exigency talks about preparing the nation for a new age which would encompass all the individuals in America. In a nutshell President Obama states to the country that his leadership would be inclusive, participatory and consultative. The challenge lies in both the president and the people of America. President Obama was making references to segregation and slavery that Americans felt attached to emotionally .Such statements easily reach every American thereby building

Are Zoos Cruel To Wild Animals?

Are Zoos Cruel To Wild Animals? For the question that Are our zoos cruel to wild animals I am agree with this statement up to some extent. Zoo is the place where animals are kept within enclosures be displayed to the visitors for the awareness about wild animals. Zoo is like the second home of the animals. Zoos are considered a great teaching center about the animals and their behavior. We cannot imagine our society and environment if we destroy the animals that are our ecosystem. Animals are the important part of our ecofriendly nature and ecosystem. Each and every creature is dependent on each other. A man is a social animal. They depend upon other loving creature made by the god. The San Diego Zoo has a center called CRES the Center for Research Endangered Species. It is the largest zoo based center. Their main aim to improve the health of both wild animal and the animals which are captured in the zoos through sharing the problems and research with the other countries and to maintain the genetic knowledge and th eir resources so they can support in their conservation. A country can only be good and known by the way that how they behave or treat with animals. Is it cruel? Just think if anyone take us and keep us behind the bars,ÂÂ  dont allow us to do whatÂÂ  we want, dont allow us to eat according to our wish. As we all like eating pizza, burger, etc. and any one comes stop us from eating all these things not only this, stop us from doing all those things which we want to do according to our wish. How we feel? We surely feel very bad. we even cant think of living like this that is we even cant think of living in anybodys foundation and we only keep those poor animals behind the bars. Is it not cruel for them? As we have feelings, wishes. Animals also have some feelings. They also feel very bad. They also want to live freely. They also wantÂÂ  to spend their life according to their wish as we do. They also want freedom. They alsoÂÂ  want to eat according to their wish. And I think we human are the biggest hindrance in the life of those poor animals. We only keep them behind the bars and given name to that place where w e keep those poor animals as ZOO butÂÂ  IÂÂ  am not going to call that place aÂÂ  ZOO. IÂÂ  will call it aÂÂ  PRISON. According to us PRISON is that place where criminals, anybody who have done any mistake are kept behind the bars. So we should not call that place a ZOO we should call that aÂÂ  PRISON OF ANIMALS. The place where animals are kept behind the bars without any mistake. Why we keep those poor animals behind the bars? WHAT IS THEIR MISTAKE? Is there any answer forÂÂ  this question?ÂÂ  I know no one can answer this. But I can give you the answer. The answer is we keep those poor animals just for our pleasure. We all have visited the zoo. RememberÂÂ  that time when we were small, we went to the zoo with so much of excitement. We see so many type of animal there. We use to make lots of fun of them. But no one ever tried to think about those poor animals that how they feel. Dont they feel bad? TheyÂÂ  also have feelings they too feel bad. We keep those poor animals behind the bars for the sake of saving them butÂÂ  are we really saving them. NO, weÂÂ  are not saving them actuallyÂÂ  we are exploiting them. We all know that so many animals die every day in the zoo and we giveÂÂ  reason that may be the environmentÂÂ  doesnt suit to that animal. But no one bothered to find the actual problem. Did anyone ever thou ght that why these animals are dyeing so frequent? It is soÂÂ  not only because of the change of environment. There is any other reason also and the reason is that theyÂÂ  dont like that boundation. They are habitual to live freely in the forest. There they can do anything whatever they want. Their they do hunting according to their wish. They can run anywhere as they wish they can play as they want but no w theyÂÂ  are taken to that place where they cant play freely. This is the reason that most of the animal die in the zoo. Most of them become lazy. This is all onlyÂÂ  because of we human being. weÂÂ  are the biggest culprit of the wildlife. For our pleaser we have kept those poor animals behind the bars. I think those should be punished who do this. Who had opened this so called zoo? Who hunt those poor animals and keep them behind the bars. Zoo is not the correct place to keep the animals.ÂÂ  Forest is the home of the wild animals andÂÂ  that i s only the correct placeÂÂ  for the wild animals. So they should allow living there only. If we really want to save the wild life we should disturb them from their natural living. I mean we should not migrate them to such a prison. Let them live their life as they want.ÂÂ  Let them live in theÂÂ  forest only. There are so many sanctuaries and national parks are organized by the government to save those wild animals. Their they get the environment as same as that of the forest so let them live there.ÂÂ  Why these zoos are made which are of no use? It is just for the pleasure of the common people and just to earnÂÂ  some money.ÂÂ  It is just to exploit the animals. So its my humble request to the government officer that they should pass some orderÂÂ  to close all these zoos so that the wild animal can live their life freely. LET WILD ANIMAL LIVE THEIR LIFE.

Boosting the Economy: 0% Financing on New Cars :: Market Economics 9/11 Essays

Boosting the Economy: 0% Financing on New Cars The economy had been moving in slow motion for the last year and the dreaded "R" word, recession, had been put into circulation by the media and consumer analysts. Then, of course, the events of September 11th occurred and the economic slow down sounded just fine as opposed to the economic standstill that many feared. Staring into the face of recession and contemplating the national tragedy, corporate America was desperate to find a way out. Not that they were alone, but Joe Schmoe, a blue-collar worker, couldn't do much to change nation's economic dilemma. And good old Uncle Sam hand his hands tied with the terrorist problems. Even so, saying that the government was going to take action is just to say that the government would help corporate America take action. Of course the answer was to get and keep America spending; keep money circulating. But how was the question that loomed. As we know, many of the major automobile companies decided that they would offer 0% financing on new cars in order to lure Americans to spend money. At this point we don't know what the final effects will be, whether this action will actually stimulate the economy and keep America from a recession. However, there is much to speculate on concerning the possible effects. And it is interesting to consider exactly who might be reaping the benefits from this action. In addition, this type of economic action seems to have elements that fall into a category of similar capitalistic avenues that many authors read this semester have analyzed in the past. Benefits Now, why should we think that this action will benefit the economy? Again, in the face of recession the goal is always to get people spending and keep money flowing. New automobiles are a high dollar item that can get money circulating in a hurry. New automobiles are also an item that the majority of the population cannot afford without financing. This makes the idea of buying an automobile with no finance charges very appealing. From the big picture perspective, the idea is that enough automobiles would be sold to keep money circulating and to keep consumer confidence high so that we could talk ourselves out of a recession. Basically, the remedy for recession is keeping people believing that the economy will be okay, consumer confidence, and therefore they will not be reluctant to spend and money will circulate.

Biltrite case Module I through X Essay

Module III: Control Testing – Sales Processing 1.The sampling plan in the design of controls does not provide tests about revenues and accounts receivables. The weakness that I could see is the fact that goods that were delivered to customers were not billed which result in bill of lading not being pre-numbered. Because of this, bills of lading do not count as an effective sampling unit. For a successful audit, auditors need to evaluate orders randomly and check to see if the goods were shipped and the customers received invoices prior to the receipt of the product, Therefore in this case, existence/occurrence is the course of action for the auditors. 2 and 3 are attached under â€Å"2009 attribu† 4. The sampling plan shows that there is an effective control of the company by the people in charge since the price of the products, the quantity of the footing and the credit limits offered to customers are not above the limitation. However the bills of ladings that were missing keep the auditors skeptical and make them look further for material information. Also, the other thing that looks suspicious is the inflated earnings showed. The analytical procedures and attribute testing performed will the auditors to look further in regards of the sales recorded during the year, the customer balanced and the accounts receivable. Therefore, I believe that aggregate materiality threshold shouldn’t be lowered since both accounts receivable and sales tests show earning’s inflation. Module IV: MUS Sampling- Factory Equipment Additions 1. The objective of performing this test is to test if the factory equipment accounts are materially overstated from the errors found in the capitalization of ordinary repairs. The sampling unit is the debit posting to the factory equipment account and the population is $12,600,000 which is the difference between the total debits of $89,860,000 and the equipment additions of $77,260,000 2. Find excel document â€Å"2009 MUS† for answers 3. In setting these parameters, Derick focused on his assessment of inherent risk and control in regards of the acquisition cycle and the level of the  overall audit risk. To explain the parameters further, because the risk of incorrect acceptance is 5% percent, this means that Derick is 95% sure about the results that he will get only 5% percent of errors in the population. Anticipated errors of $100,000 is usually based on previous year’s audit and the $640,000 of tolerable misstatement are errors Derick think exists in the population in regards of the factory equipment account. 4. Find excel document â€Å"2009 MUS† for the calculation of the Projected misstatement calculation 11.3B a.â€Å"Tainting percentage† appear on a column when the book value of a unit is less than the sampling interval of 160000. And its purpose is to develop a projected error for all the sampling interval. 5. And 6 can be found in the excel document â€Å"2009 MUS† for WP 11.3 C 7. a. Basic precision is the amount of uncertainty associated with testing only a part of the population and it is calculated by multiplying the sampling interval by the confidence factor to measure sampling errors. b. Incremental allowance for sampling error increases when there is an increase in the sampling error. c. Allowance for sampling risk is a factor used in planning statistical samples to keep sampling risk at the desired level. d. Upper misstatement limit is determined by adding the misstatement (basic precision) and incremental allowance for sampling error. It measures the maximum overstatement at the 95% confidence level set. 8. The sampling results do not support Derick’s concerns regarding possible material misstatement since the result of the upper misstatement limit is $3,720,833 which is more than the tolerable misstatement of $640,000. Also the proportion of the projected error is 85% which is calculated by dividing $2,503,060 by $2,936,338. These errors should bring the population within the bounds of acceptance. In my opinion this error represent the adjustment necessary that represent the $12,600,000 population of factory equipment. Module V: Accounts Receivable Aging Analysis 1. a.The proportion of the total dollar amount receivable I included in the confirmation request is in â€Å"Account Receivable Aging Analysis† by diving the total amount that is collectible â€Å"C† by the total amount of sales. The result is 82% ($9,803,430/$11,920,028) of the total dollar balance in accounts receivable. b.In the event of no reply to a request for positive  confirmation, as an auditor I need to ask for further requests, contact the manager and ask him to get a hold of the customer. In case of no response from the customer, I should examine the document I have in hand such as sales orders, sales invoices, shipping orders, and bills of lading. c.The purpose of analyzing subsequent collections because it a way to check and make sure that the existence of the action took place. Also checking subsequent collections allows the auditors to check the adequacy of the allowance for uncollectible accounts. This helps the auditor to better calculate the amount tha t is uncollectible from customers 2.I am not satisfied that I have sufficient evidence to evaluate the existence and valuation assertion because I wasn’t able to get a hold of some customers. Due to this inconvenience as auditors we should be suspicious about if those sales do in fact exist. Also, in terms valuation, additional audit needs to be performed because from the confirmed amount owed, it is not sure if it will be collected. 3.Reclassification entry can be found in excel document â€Å"2009 ar†. 4.A. In order to satisfy the account receivable write-offs, I would need to examine correspondence to and from customers, legal counsel and collection agencies involving the disposition of amount that were due in the past. b. The audit adjustment is $340,000 which make the allowance balance to be $560,000 which I think is adequate as adjustment. c. See attached excel document- â€Å"2009† ar. 5. The full document â€Å"2009 ar† is attached with the case. Module VI: Sales and Purchases Cutoff Tests 1. Inventory cut off errors: a. Vouchers 12458 and 12459 was received in 2009 as inventory but not recorded in the books until next year, 2010. Which resulted in overstatement of $854,154 as effect on net income b. Raw material inventory that was in transit. This action does not affect net income because it was exluded c. Sales 33003, 33004, 33006, 33007, and 33009 were performed in 2010 but they were reported in 2009 which resulted in overstatement of $3,760,330 in net income. I think that the misstatement listed above appear to be intentional in order to overstate net income and make it look higher that its value. This practice is one of the earning inflation devices that can be used to overstate net income. 2.See excel document â€Å"2009 cutoff† for audit  adjustments. Module VII: Search for unrecorded Liabilities 1.Comment on the adequacy for the procedures performed: Lucas was able to check if there was additional invoices that were received and recorded. He also checked if the company he is auditing included these charges in year-end adjustments for liabilities that are not recorded. On the other hand she did not check if invoices received in 2010 should be recorded in 2009 and therefore applicable to the 2009 audit and if they were part of year-end adjustment for the same year. The last thing that Lucas need to check is the liabilities from the previous, 2008 and to see if they apply to see if they need to be considered for 2009. 2.Audit Adjustment 6 can be found in excel document â€Å"2009 Liab†. 3.Audit Adjustment 6 can be found in excel document â€Å"2009 Liab†. Module VIII: Dallas Dollar bank Reconciliation 1. The â€Å"Bank Reconciliation- Dallas Dolalr Bank† does not reconcile for December mainly because the general ledger balance is less than the adjusted balance (Audit adjustment number 7). The amount that differ between the two balances is $9,000. Some of the causes in case of non-reconciliation are: – There might have been an error performed by the bank at the time of recording the deposit or check. – There might have been an error when the bank recorded the cash receipt of the action. 2. After I have made the correction, the account does reconcile. The adjustment is made in WP.1 in excel document â€Å"2009 Bank†. 3 and 4 : See excel document â€Å"2009 Bank part WP.1.B 5. The cutoff statement received directly from the bank support the existence, completeness and valuation objectives. This statement gives an auditor satisfaction regarding the amount of cash receipt at the end of the year and if they were recorded at the right time. If the cutoff statement covered the period 1/1/10 through 1/21/10 and the deposit in transit was credit in 1/12/10, as an auditor I should be concerned that a client was keeping cash receipts records open after the end of the year period and could have recorded 2010 cash receipts in 2009. To allay my concerns, I should apply remittance advices, cash listings in order to be able to check  the cash receipt at the end of the year that make up for the deposit in transit. Module IX: Analysis of Interbank Transfers 1. A. The purpose of analyzing inter-bank transfers for a short period before and after the balance sheet due in to check if there are any cash cutoff errors. B & C. the check 127332 showing $3,000,000 received from Lawton was in fact an interbank transfer from Bank Two to Dollar Bank. The Biltrite Company is in violation of one of the restrictive covenants in the Bank Two agreement because if the transaction was recorded correctly, it would show that the balance was below $10,000,000 compensating balance. 2 & 3. See Audit Reclassification entry at the bottom of WP 1.C 4. Yes the Record Reclassification does in fact place Biltrite in default because it decreases the compensating balance to below $10,000,000. Some of the audit procedure that can be applied is questioning management and legal counsel in regards of the examination of the agreement that was agreed upon with the bank since there is a default. Also, checking the balance after year end to see if the compensation balance has increased to its minimum balance of $10,000,000. 5. See excel document â€Å"2009 Bank†. Module X: Analysis of Marketable Securities 1. There are investments in common stock that resulted in realized loss of $198,000 in 2009. This support does not support McAfee goals of â€Å"maximizing returns while minimizing risk of loss†. Since there is a loss, it contradicts the statement. 2. In order for the securities to be classified as current on the balance sheet, the securities need to be readily marketable and acquired as temporary investments. 3. The auditor’s objective in the audit of marketable securities is to check: -The existence of the securities -The ownership of the securities, if the client owns them. – Are the values of the securities shown in the statement consistent with their real value – Are the losses and gains correctly reported – Interest and dividend correctly reported – Are the securities classified as current and noncurrent correctly The audit assertions for the auditor to examine are existence, valuation and the presentation and disclosure of the securities. The objectives that are not satisfied is the working paper that does not state if the securities are current or noncurrent. Answers to questions 4 through 8 can be found in excel document â€Å"2009 Security†. Biltrite Practice Case Module III: Control Testing – Sales Processing 1.The sampling plan in the design of controls does not provide tests about revenues and accounts receivables. The weakness that I could see is the fact that goods that were delivered to customers were not billed which result in bill of lading not being pre-numbered. Because of this, bills of lading do not count as an effective sampling unit. For a successful audit, auditors need to evaluate orders randomly and check to see if the goods were shipped and the customers received invoices prior to the receipt of the product, Therefore in this case, existence/occurrence is the course of action for the auditors. 2 and 3 are attached under â€Å"2009 attribu† 4. The sampling plan shows that there is an effective control of the company by the people in charge since the price of the products, the quantity of the footing and the credit limits offered to customers are not above the limitation. However the bills of ladings that were missing keep the auditors skeptical and make them look further for material information. Also, the other thing that looks suspicious is the inflated earnings showed. The analytical procedures and attribute testing performed will the auditors to look further in regards of the sales recorded during the year, the customer balanced and the accounts receivable. Therefore, I believe that aggregate materiality threshold shouldn’t be lowered since both accounts receivable and sales tests show earning’s inflation. Module IV: MUS Sampling- Factory Equipment Additions 1.The objective of performing this test is to test if the factory equipment accounts are materially overstated from the errors found in the capitalization of ordinary repairs. The sampling unit is the debit posting to the factory equipment account and the population is $12,600,000 which is the difference between the total debits of $89,860,000 and the equipment additions of $77,260,000 2.Find excel document â€Å"2009 MUS† for answers 3.In setting these parameters, Derick focused on his assessment of inherent risk and control in regards of the acquisition cycle and the level of the overall audit risk. To explain the parameters further, because the risk of incorrect acceptance is 5% percent, this means that Derick is 95% sure about the results that he will get only 5% percent of errors in the population. Anticipated errors of $100,000 is usually based on previous year’s audit and the $640,000 of tolerable misstatement are errors Derick think exists in the population in regards of the factory equipment account. 4.Find excel document â€Å"2009 MUS† for the calculation of the Projected misstatement calculation 11.3B a.â€Å"Tainting percentage† appear on a column when the book value of a unit is less than the sampling interval of 160000. And its purpose is to develop a projected error for all the sampling interval. 5. And 6 can be found in the excel document â€Å"2009 MUS† for WP 11.3 C 7 . a. Basic precision is the amount of uncertainty associated with testing only a part of the population and it is calculated by multiplying the sampling interval by the confidence factor to measure sampling errors. b. Incremental allowance for sampling error increases when there is an increase in the sampling error. c. Allowance for sampling risk is a factor used in planning statistical samples to keep sampling risk at the desired level. d. Upper misstatement limit is determined by adding the misstatement (basic precision) and incremental allowance for sampling error. It measures the maximum overstatement at the 95% confidence level set. 8. The sampling results do not support Derick’s concerns regarding possible material misstatement since the result of the upper misstatement limit is $3,720,833 which is more than the tolerable misstatement of $640,000. Also the proportion of the projected error is 85% which is calculated by dividing $2,503,060 by $2,936,338. These errors sho uld bring the population within the bounds of acceptance. In my opinion this error represent the adjustment necessary that represent the $12,600,000 population of factory equipment. Module V: Accounts Receivable Aging Analysis 1. a.The proportion of the total dollar amount receivable I included in the confirmation request is in â€Å"Account Receivable Aging Analysis† by diving the total amount that is collectible â€Å"C† by the total amount of sales. The result is 82% ($9,803,430/$11,920,028) of the total dollar balance in accounts receivable. b.In the event of no reply to a request for positive confirmation, as an auditor I need to ask for further requests, contact the manager and ask him to get a hold of the customer. In case of no response from the customer, I should examine the document I have in hand such as sales orders, sales invoices, shipping orders, and bills of lading. c.The purpose of analyzing subsequent collections because it a way to check and make sure that the existence of the action took place. Also checking subsequent collections allows the auditors to check the adequacy of the allowance for uncollectible accounts. This helps the auditor to better calculate the amount that i s uncollectible from customers 2.I am not satisfied that I have sufficient evidence to evaluate the existence and valuation assertion because I wasn’t able to get a hold of some customers. Due to this inconvenience as auditors we should be suspicious about if those sales do in fact exist. Also, in terms valuation, additional audit needs to be performed because from the confirmed amount owed, it is not sure if it will be collected. 3.Reclassification entry can be found in excel document â€Å"2009 ar†. 4.A. In order to satisfy the account receivable write-offs, I would need to examine correspondence to and from customers, legal counsel and collection agencies involving the disposition of amount that were due in the past. b. The audit adjustment is $340,000 which make the allowance balance to be $560,000 which I think is adequate as adjustment. c. See attached excel document- â€Å"2009† ar. 5. The full document â€Å"2009 ar† is attached with the case. Module VI: Sales and Purchases Cutoff Tests 1. Inventory cut off errors: a. Vouchers 12458 and 12459 was received in 2009 as inventory but not recorded in the books until next year, 2010. Which resulted in overstatement of $854,154 as effect on net income b. Raw material inventory that was in transit. This action does not affect net income because it was exluded c. Sales 33003, 33004, 33006, 33007, and 33009 were performed in 2010 but they were reported in 2009 which resulted in overstatement of $3,760,330 in net income. I think that the misstatement listed above appear to be intentional in order to overstate net income and make it look higher that its value. This practice is one of the earning inflation devices that can be used to overstate net income. 2.See excel document â€Å"2009 cutoff† for audit adjustments. Module VII: Search for unrecorded Liabilities 1.Comment on the adequacy for the procedures performed: Lucas was able to check if there was additional invoices that were received and recorded. He also checked if the company he is auditing included these charges in year-end adjustments for liabilities that are not recorded. On the other hand she did not check if invoices received in 2010 should be recorded in 2009 and therefore applicable to the 2009 audit and if they were part of year-end adjustment for the same year. The last thing that Lucas need to check is the liabilities from the previous, 2008 and to see if they apply to see if they need to be considered for 2009. 2.Audit Adjustment 6 can be found in excel document â€Å"2009 Liab†. 3.Audit Adjustment 6 can be found in excel document â€Å"2009 Liab†. Module VIII: Dallas Dollar bank Reconciliation 1. The â€Å"Bank Reconciliation- Dallas Dolalr Bank† does not reconcile for December mainly because the general ledger balance is less than the adjusted balance (Audit adjustment number 7). The amount that differ between the two balances is $9,000. Some of the causes in case of non-reconciliation are: – There might have been an error performed by the bank at the time of recording the deposit or check. – There might have been an error when the bank recorded the cash receipt of the action. 2. After I have made the correction, the account does reconcile. The adjustment is made in WP.1 in excel document â€Å"2009 Bank†. 3 and 4 : See excel document â€Å"2009 Bank part WP.1.B 5. The cutoff statement received directly from the bank support the existence, completeness and valuation objectives. This statement gives an auditor satisfaction regarding the amount of cash receipt at the end of the year and if they were recorded at the right time. If the cutoff statement  covered the period 1/1/10 through 1/21/10 and the deposit in transit was credit in 1/12/10, as an auditor I should be concerned that a client was keeping cash receipts records open after the end of the year period and could have recorded 2010 cash receipts in 2009. To allay my concerns, I should apply remittance advices, cash listings in order to be able to check the cash receipt at the end of the year that make up for the deposit in transit. Module IX: Analysis of Interbank Transfers 1. A. The purpose of analyzing inter-bank transfers for a short period before and after the balance sheet due in to check if there are any cash cutoff errors. B & C. the check 127332 showing $3,000,000 received from Lawton was in fact an interbank transfer from Bank Two to Dollar Bank. The Biltrite Company is in violation of one of the restrictive covenants in the Bank Two agreement because if the transaction was recorded correctly, it would show that the balance was below $10,000,000 compensating balance. 2 & 3. See Audit Reclassification entry at the bottom of WP 1.C 4. Yes the Record Reclassification does in fact place Biltrite in default because it decreases the compensating balance to below $10,000,000. Some of the audit procedure that can be applied is questioning management and legal counsel in regards of the examination of the agreement that was agreed upon with the bank since there is a default. Also, checking the balance after year end to see if the compensation balance has increased to its minimum balance of $10,000,000. 5. See excel document â€Å"2009 Bank†. Module X: Analysis of Marketable Securities 1. There are investments in common stock that resulted in realized loss of $198,000 in 2009. This support does not support McAfee goals of â€Å"maximizing returns while minimizing risk of loss†. Since there is a loss, it contradicts the statement. 2. In order for the securities to be classified as current on the balance sheet, the securities need to be readily marketable and acquired as temporary investments. 3. The auditor’s objective in the audit of marketable securities is to check: -The existence of the securities -The ownership of the securities, if the client owns them. – Are the values of the securities shown in the statement consistent with their real value – Are the losses and gains correctly reported – Interest and dividend correctly reported – Are the securities classified as current and noncurrent correctly The audit assertions for the auditor to examine are existence, valuation and the presentation and disclosure of the securities. The objectives that are not satisfied is the working paper that does not state if the securities are current or noncurrent. Answers to questions 4 through 8 can be found in excel document â€Å"2009 Security†.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki essays

Hiroshima and Nagasaki essays This report is to discuss the dropping of the nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end World War II. Many people believe that this was the only way to get Emperor Hirohito of Japan to surrender to the United States. Some believe that there were other reasons for dropping the bombs. A couple of those reasons were for revenge on Pearl Harbor and to show the world that we had the power to destroy any country that wanted to intrude on the United States. One of the main reasons though, was to save hundreds of thousands of Americans lives and to possibly save lives of many Japanese. Some veterans of the war were asked about the issue, they quoted I thank God that those atomic bombs were dropped. I wouldnt be here if they hadnt. The dropping of the bombs saved the lives of all of us being held in Japan. There isnt one prisoner who wasnt told they were dead if the Americans invaded Japan. We were looking forward to an invasion, but we knew we might not be around to see it. No one should think that war is humanitarian, that you just shoot the enemy in the legs. I feel sorry for the people of Hiroshima and Nagasaki who suffered when the atomic bombs were dropped, but can look at all the atrocities the Japanese committed and know these bombs were appropriate means to wage war. We felt little pity or concern for the Japanese then, and we thought the bomb was a wonderful thing to bring the war to an end. I would have been glad to drop the bombs myself. These opinions of many people in the war go to show the attitudes of the soldiers at the time of the war. You cannot change the past and the United States did what they had to do to win the war. For more than four years the Americans sacrificed their lives to the war and they killed thousands of Japanese, but they were not about to give in. The Japanese were not going to gi ...

Dying to be Beautiful essays

Dying to be Beautiful essays Beautiful or else a message often presented in society, is often detrimental to the American public. The desire to be beautiful has received more attention by blinding the public with images of the beautiful people. The extent of the message the media portrays to our society is more harmful than beneficial to the average person. The images depict the common person as unattractive which causes many to alter their figure to attain the medias vision of beauty. Unfortunately, these unrealistic pictures mostly affect self-conscious adolescents who are surrounded by images of what the media considers beautiful. Each day, adolescents are exposed to magazines with models who appear extremely emaciated along with men and women who have a perfect, muscular physique. These Calista Flockhart- and Arnold Schwarzenegger-like clones are not representatives of normal, everyday people, so they should not be considered images of beauty. However, many young adults look up to these fake role models and imitate their appearance. Due to the impact that celebrities have on individuals from the younger generations, people now find themselves bombarded by young Brittany Spears wannabes wearing tiny mini skirts and naval-bearing shirts. Seventeen magazine even has a ludicrous section on how to look like a favorite celebrity; it includes ideas as to what clothes to wear and what kind of makeup should be used. The medias influence is driven by the spending power of the younger generation and has purposefully created a superficial generation. Many teenagers and adults have gone to extremes to attain the best, often deadly, appearance possible. Millions of misguided people, including celebrities, have died due to anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa; they are willing to risk their job, or their life to attain the image the media expects. In 1983, Karen Carpenter, the promising lead sing ...

The strategies I will adopt to improve my academic performance to be Essay

The strategies I will adopt to improve my academic performance to be successful in College - Essay Example Some of the strategies that I have put in place to improve my academic performance include; First, time management is an important attribute that cannot lack in my recipe for success in academic success. Time management is an inevitable resource that can work in favour or against anybody. A student should know when to learn new concepts, study the concepts and prepare for exams. Crush programs in student life disorganise expectations. One should know when to party, when to study and have social sessions. Proper utilisation of available time will maximizes brain usage and may even create extra time for personal studies. Bearing all this in mind, I have developed various time management techniques ranging from drawing timetables and writing a diary to keep all my activities in time. Undeniably, performance depends on what has been grasped over a given period. Second, successful academic performance requires availability of learning materials. This ranges from physical, emotional and psychological factors responsible for streamlining success. When attending classes one needs to be physically fresh and clear minded. It, therefore, is important to avail all materials important for physical exercise. Attending to physical training, not only benefits the body but also helps in relaxing brain activities hence beneficial in the long term. Fresh brains have the ability to learn and grasp new concepts hence a strategy towards successful academic life. From this perspective, this will ensure good performance in the long term. A clear organization system plays a significant role in promoting success in all academic pursuits. Learner should know how to save and get countless hours from most of each class. In many instances, students fail to grasp what their teachers say due to inefficient systems. I have come up with various factors including strategies aimed at aligning my system myself to the education

Mid Term Research Paper Assignment and Rubric Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mid Term Assignment and Rubric - Research Paper Example The photographs were not taken by TMV neither did they have their photographers enter into her compound or peep into her windows without her consent to take them. The press outlet thus would not have violated any intrusion law by having her nude photos published. Second, the First amendment law enables the media or any press outlet to obtain information from any source by lawful means. Katy Perry as a source of information, however their differences with Swift, would be a lawful source, and it would be difficult to prove it otherwise in any court of law. The access to sources of information by the press, especially in view of the first amendment law, is considered by most courts as exclusive and without any jurisdiction. For instance, in a case pitting Bartnicki against Vopper, 200 F.3d 109 (3d Cir. 1999), a person who was unknown recorded a phone conversations between two union officials. He then made the tapes available to a union opponent who delivered them to a local media outlet. The two sued the media defendants for violating the state and federal wiretap laws. The court decreed that the first amendment rights of the defendant exempted him from being liable to the damages caused. Drawing conclusions from this case, it would be argued t hat TMV, which also has its first amendment rights, would not be liable to the damages caused to Swift by the publishing her nude photos. Another reason that would make it hard for swift to stop the publishing of the photos is the First amendment law regarding prior restraints. The First amendment law prohibits any form of prior restraint on the media outlets on all matters and just in some limited contexts. This is not restricted or determined by how the photos were obtained, Even if the photos were stolen or offered with malicious motives, the law would forbid any prior restraint to their publication. Although Katy at the time of offering the photos to TMV was in a feud with Swift, the court cannot give an injunction to

Critically evaluate the cognitive development theories of Piaget and Essay

Critically evaluate the cognitive development theories of Piaget and Vygotsky and discuss their relevance to Social Work practice - Essay Example He came up with the cognitive development theory where he showed two major aspects to his theory: the process of coming to know and the stages used to acquire the ability to know. In his book, Miller, (2002, p.32) stated that Piaget viewed knowledge as a process and that children have an active process of knowing their surrounding. As a biologist, he was interested in how a given organism adapts to its environment. Behaviour is controlled through mental organization where an individual uses some schemes to represent the world and designate action. This adaptation is motivated by biological drive to obtain balance between the schemes and the environment. Piaget hypothesized that an infant is born with schemes that operate from birth. These schemes are reflexes which are used to adapt the environment and are later replaced by constructed schemes. He described two processes that are used by individual to adapt to the environment; assimilation and accommodation. These processes are used throughout life as the person progressively adapts to the environment in a more complex way. Assimilation is a process of transforming the environment so that it can be suitable in the pre-existing cognitive structures. An example is where an infant uses a sucking schema that was developed by sucking a small bottle when trying to suck a larger bottle. Accommodation on the other hand, is the process of changing the cognitive structures in order to accept anything from the environment. An example would be when the child wants to modify a sucking schema that was developed through sucking on a pacifier to one that could be thriving for sucking on a bottle. The two processes are simultaneously useful throughout life. Piaget proposes that there are four distinct stages of mental representation that children pass through right from their infancy stage to the adult level of intelligence. The four stages are; sensorimotor period, preoperation period, concrete operational stage and formal operational stage. Sensorimotor stage starts from birth to two years. It is the primary stage in cognitive development; this is where infants create an understanding of the world by coordinating the sensory experience with physical actions. They gain knowledge from the world through the physical actions hence, progress from reflexive instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought towards the end of the stage. Piaget subdivided the sensorimotor stage into six sub-stages. Simple reflexes are a sub-stage where the infant coordinates the sensation and action through reflexive behaviour. It starts right from birth to the period when the infant is one month old. First habits and primary circular reactions phase is the second sub-stage (Bateson 2005, p 127). It starts from one month to four months after birth. Other sub-stages include: secondary circular reaction phase, coordination of secondary circular reaction phase, tertiary circular reactions and curiosity and internalization of the schemes. By the end of sensorimotor stage, the child acquires the sense of object permanence. The child understands that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be heard, seen or touched. According to Piaget,

Employee Engagement in the Oil & Gas Sector Essay Example for Free

Employee Engagement in the Oil Gas Sector Essay 1. Introduction According to Aon Hewitt (2012), employee engagement refers to the â€Å"state of emotional and intellectual involvement that motivates employees to do their best work through examination of employees’ level of engagement relative to the organisation’s antecedents† (p.5). Scarlett (2010) defines employee engagement as â€Å"the measurable degree of an employee’s positive or negative emotional attachment to their job, colleagues and organisation that profoundly influences their willingness to learn and perform at the workplace†. White (2011) however states that â€Å"employee engagement represents an alignment of maximum job satisfaction with maximum job contribution† (p. 5). Varied statistics show that employee engagement is a pertinent aspect in enhancing an organisation’s productivity. Beddoes (2011) states that engagement levels are stabilising globally with a 58% increase in 2011 as compared to 56% in 2010, with the greatest levels experienced in Asia Pacific and Europe. After the economic crisis, engagement levels lagged but economic indicators show increasing improvement between 2009 and 2010 around the globe (Aon Hewitt, 2012). Minton (n.d.) states that four out of ten employees are not engaged translating into 58% engaged and 42% partially or totally disengaged, with motivational factors, career development opportunities, employee recognition and the organisation’s reputation playing a major contributory factor to the results. This study has developed the following objectives (1) identification of employee engagement levels/models, (2) identification of employee engagement drivers. (3) Identification of effective ways to engage employees, (4) advantages realised by having an engaged work force. 2. Engagement Model/ Levels Aon Hewitt (2012) define engagement model as â€Å"a model that determines employee engagement levels in the organisation through examining employees’ level of engagement towards the organisation in the relation to the set organisational antecedents† (p.5). This model states that engagement in one’s work or organisation is an individual choice but regularly influenced by group affiliations, developed by the employees, psychological and behavioural capacity regarding the organisation. The management particularly human resource managers should incorporate, encourage and develop the model’s components while relating with the employees. The model incorporates three main components (1) ‘Say component’ that encourages the management and employees to think and speak highly of the organisation and its activities to colleagues, potential employees and clients. (2) ‘Stay component’ that encourages the employees to continually desire to be part of the company through encouraging recognition, appraisal, teamwork and team building activities thus reducing employee turnover and encouraging potential employees and clients (Schneider, White Paul 1998). (3) ‘Strive component’ that encourages growth of an organisational culture that encourages hard work and achievement of success, thus enhancing input of extra effort from employees which in turn enhances commitment and increased productivity. Incorporation of the above model leads to more engaged employees, which lead to increased quality delivery, client satisfaction and sales, which eventually leads to increased efficiency (Organ, Posdako ff Mackenzie 2006). 3. Engagement Drivers Sijts and Crim (2006) define engagement drivers as factors that increase employee engagement in organisation through effective management of engagement levels. These drivers identify potential improvement areas in the organisation pertaining to employee engagement. These drivers are interrelated thus work in unison. Engagement drivers therefore help management identify lacking areas that prohibit employee potential, thus enhancing focus on improvement efforts that enhance productivity through increased employee commitment (Organ, Posdakoff MacKenzie 2006). 3.1 Quality of Work Life Quality of work life refers to creation of a work environment whereby employees’ activities are prioritised through execution of work structure activities that deem the activities less routine thus more rewarding to the employees (Sigy, Efraty, Siegel Lee 2001). It therefore involves creation of a conducive physical environment through availing the required resources necessary for work execution such as proper safety clothing and equipment thus enhancing productivity and engagement. It also involves enhancement of a work-life balance policy, which enables employees to clearly define and separate their work and social lives thus enhancing growth of an all-rounded employee, which enhances engagement leading to increased productivity (Richard Deci 2000). 3.2 Company Practices The organisation’s practices greatly contribute to employee engagement levels. Integration of interactive human resource policies enhances employee involvement in decision making, which in turns motivates them thus enhancing employee engagement (Aon Hewitt 2012). Introduction of effective management performance policies will enhance creation of efficient performance management and appraisal systems, which will recognise employees’ work input thus increasing their engagement leading to increased productivity (Cook, 2008). Extensive brand alignment through increased marketing and advertising will enhance engagement, as employees will view the organisation as a long-term venture as it has demonstrated continuity of operations (Payne 2012). Increasing and developed organisational reputation will enhance engagement, as employees will be more at ease to work in a reputable organisation thus demonstrating its continuity and job security. Development of a diversity culture relating to the organisation’s activities and employment of diverse individuals concerning race or gender, will enhance engagement, as it will eradicate any occurrences or fears of discrimination. According to Hynes (2012), creation of an effective communication system and structure will ensure that any important information pertaining to employees work activities or welfare are timely relayed thus enhancing growth and development of work interrelationships which enhance efficiency and effectiveness of operations. 3.3 Total Rewards Organisations should clearly outline its reward structure, as this will contribute to the engagement or disengagement of employees. Clear definition of employees’ expected pay and benefits package will enhance clear understanding about the pay package thus enhancing engagement (Harter, Schmidt Theodore 2012). The oil and gas sector should also clearly stipulate systems used to determine recognition payments regarding bonus allocation. 3.4 Opportunities To effectively enhance employee engagement, organisations in the oil and gas sector should clearly outline career opportunities available to employees who want to further advance their careers within the organisation regarding promotions and transfers that contribute to career development. Organisations should also outline the available learning and development opportunities within the organisation (Richard Deci 2000). Such opportunities could include sponsorships, study leave and provision of work-study allowances. 3.5 People People involved in the management, operational and end-user aspects of the organisation have a great impact on employees’ engagement. Organisations should therefore enhance creation of a proper work structure and culture that will enhance effective cooperation and communication among management, employees and customers (Aon Hewitt, 2012).This will in turn enhance development of interrelationships, leading to increased efficiency and effectiveness through increased employee engagement. 3.6 Work Activities An organisation’s work structure can contribute to either engagement or disengagement of employees within the organisation. Development of an elaborate and conclusive work structure will enhance clear development of work tasks, work processes, provision of necessary resources, hence providing the employees with a sense of accomplishment through effective and efficient execution of allocated work (Sahoo Mishra 2012). This will therefore lead to increased employee engagement. 4. Ways to Engage Employees Employee engagement is essential to organisations in the oil and gas sector as it enhances efficiency and effectiveness through increased production. Incorporation of various aspects has been identified as potential ways to increase employee engagement. These aspects include (1) Enhancement of employee career opportunities by creating career path for employees through training them in preparation for their next career role by creation of lateral growth opportunities (Aon Hewitt, 2012). (2) Increasing employee recognition through providing them with feedback regarding their work activities and how to improve on them by providing the necessary reinforcements and also rewarding them for work well done (Cook, 2008). (3) Management should strive to engage the employees more with the organisation through its vision, mission and objectives by explaining to them why the employer is the most desirable by offering a compelling proposition, reward and work experience structure thus enhancing the organisation’s reputation as the most preferred employer (Payne, 2012). (4) Creation of an engaging communication structure through enhancement of corporate communication which will appeal to employees emotional, behavioural, psychological and social aspects thus enhancing commitment to the organisation (Hynes, 2012). (5) Increased management of employee performance as employees will be effectively rewarded for their efforts thus enhancing employee engagement. (6) Provision of favourable pay as it will enhance employee engagement through provision of a pay and benefits package that is relative to their work performance (Zablah et al. 2012). 5. Advantages of having Engaged Employees Employee engagement directly relates and affects employee efficiency and effectiveness in relation to performance. Several advantages are extended to organisations in the oil and gas sector, which have employees who are actively engaged in the organisation and its production activities: * Employees exhibit high levels of performance as they are highly motivated leading to increased production that enhances efficiency and effectiveness. * Development of an interrelating link between employee engagement and profits realised thus leading to increased revenues that enhance organisational growth. * Leads to increased employee retention and loyalty, which enhances business success through efficient and effective production. * Enhances creation of a competitive environment which increases production thus enhancing effectiveness and increased profits. * Enhances team-work that provides new ideas that enhance innovation and creativity thus enhancing creation of new and effective products. * Development of brand ambassadors through employees for the organisations products thus enhancing marketing and advertising activities which enhance profit realisation. 6. Recommendations i. Oil and gas companies should encourage employee engagement through creation of an organisational culture that develops engagement, through increased employers, leaders and stakeholders involvement in the process by enhancing team work and being a part of the process. ii. Increasing focus on drivers that provide the greatest impact in organisational improvement such as increasing opportunities for improvement which leads to increased rate of return due to increased profits. iii. Increased recognition of employee efforts through provision of feedback which in turn motivates them thus increasing productivity. iv. Organisations should continually connect with employees through regular communication of organisation’s strategy, which keeps them focussed on achievement of set organisational objectives. v. Creative creation of employee career growth opportunities by re-navigating employees’ expectations towards growth in areas that will satisfy growing business needs such as lateral movements. vi. Selecting employees during recruitment who show aspects that encourage engagement such as loyalty, diversity and work aggressiveness. 7. Conclusion Employee engagement is a pertinent aspect in management of employees in the oil and gas industry. Clear understanding of the aspect regarding its impact on the organisation and application of the findings can lead to increased employee engagement through increased productivity, which increases the overall profits realised thus enhancing the sector’s growth. This has led to the identification and incorporation of various engagement models/ levels by organisations and they include stay and strive components. It has led to the identification of engagement drivers which enhance understanding of the drivers that contribute to increased employee engagement and how they can be incorporated. Engagement drivers include (1) Quality of work life which incorporates physical work environment and work-life balance. (2) Company practices which incorporate human resource policies, performance management, brand alignment, organisational representatives, diversity and communication. (3) Total rewards which incorporate pay, benefits and recognition. (4) Opportunities drive, which incorporates career opportunities, learning and development. (5) People drive, which incorporates management, employees, colleagues, people-focus and clients. (6) Work activities, which incorporate work tasks, work processes, resources and a sense of accomplishment. The study has also identified ways of enhancing employee engagement which include increasing career opportunities, increased recognition, enhancing organisational reputation, enhancing communication, enhancing performance management, and provision of fair remuneration in relation to one’s contribution. Employee engagement extends various advantages to the organisations, which include increased revenues, increased productivity, quality delivery, decreased turnover, increased employee loyalty and enhanced organisational reputation. Employee engagement is therefore a pertinent aspect in the oil and gas industry and should be considered to ensure that the organisations have increased quality delivery, productivity and revenue generation.